古希腊文化
ancient GREek civilization
指公元前第3千纪末至前1世纪下半叶生活在巴尔干半岛和地中海周围广大地区的古代希腊人创造的文化。古希腊文化是人类文化遗产的重要组成部分，对全世界，尤其对欧洲文化的发展有重大影响。从公元前 4世纪开始，“希腊人”并不单纯是一个种族概念，而是泛指一切接受希腊文化和讲希腊语的人。
公元前第3千纪末和前第2千纪，在爱琴海诸岛和希腊大陆有过欧洲最早的青铜文化（见克里特文明和迈锡尼文明）。这里主要讲公元前第 1千纪的希腊文化。这一时期的希腊文化是适应原始社会瓦解和奴隶占有制一定发展阶段希腊人的社会经济发展的需要，并反映、服务于这种发展的；是希腊人广泛吸收周围各民族，尤其是古代西亚、北非诸国的优秀文化成果并创造性地予以改造和发展的结果，是不同地区的希腊人共同智慧的结晶。
神话和宗教
古希腊文化发轫时期，神话和宗教不可分离地交织在一起。希腊人创作了许多具有永恒魅力的神话。希腊的宗教有过对宇宙万物崇拜、祖先崇拜、英雄崇拜，并从图腾崇拜发展到拟人化。古希腊众多的氏族部落共同体都曾有自己的神，后来有了城邦的神和在整个希腊世界得到普遍尊重的神。公元前 8世纪末至前7 世纪初的诗人赫西奥德已经在他写的《神统谱》中叙述了以宙斯为首的包括波塞冬、阿波罗、雅典娜、赫拉等在内的神的家族。
宗教在希腊人的生活中起着非常重要的作用，但在不同的历史时期其作用是有区别的。在阶级分化还不严重,所有氏族成员都参加生产劳动的时候,许多神与劳动过程有关。如赫尔墨斯放牧,雅典娜栽培橄榄,阿尔忒弥斯打猎等。当氏族贵族成为公社的统治者的时候,神便成了他们的保护者和权力的源泉。执掌祭祀大权的氏族贵族运用手中的宗教权力，控制和奴役普通氏族成员。他们利用据说来源于神或是得到神的保护的不成文法，对氏族成员进行裁判。当氏族贵族的统治由于城邦制度的发展而遭到削弱或摧毁时，把全体公民联系在一起的具有整个城邦性质的宗教便应运而生。为城邦全体公民奉祀的神建庙和设立节日，是其具体表现。在雅典，所有重要的祭祀活动都被置于国家控制之下，各种节日庆典成了加强公民团结的重要手段。在希腊化时代，埃及和西亚诸国的众多宗教信仰对希腊人产生了广泛影响。托勒密王朝的国王大力推行对兼备埃及神和希腊神特征的塞拉皮斯的崇拜。
建筑和艺术
希腊人的祭祀仪式一般不在庙内，而在庙前举行，因此庙的规模不大。最早的神庙为木结构，后来发展为石结构，多用希腊盛产的大理石建筑。公元前7世纪以前,在科林斯等地已经出现了原始的神庙，其结构显然脱胎于迈锡尼时代的“麦加隆”（正厅）。公元前7世纪形成了两种围柱式神庙构筑法,即多利亚式和伊奥尼亚式。前者盛行于巴尔干半岛的希腊人地区、大希腊和西西里岛，后者则为小亚细亚的希腊人广泛采用。作为希腊建筑基础的柱式结构是希腊人的伟大创造，对后世影响深远。公元前 5世纪末，在伊奥尼亚柱式的基础上形成了科林斯柱式，并于公元前 4世纪被广泛采用。神庙的装饰从无到有，在很长时期内，塑造神像和装饰神庙、祭坛是希腊绘画家和雕塑家施展才能的主要方面。古希腊雕像—掷铁饼手除塑造神像外，希腊雕塑家还创造了众多的被理想化了的人体雕像，其中包括大量表现优秀运动员的雕像。早在公元前 7世纪就出现了称为“库罗斯”的石质裸体男青年雕像。在手法上，希腊雕塑家长期致力于表现运动中的人体姿态，取得了巨大成就。公元前 4世纪的雕塑家开始注意表现人的情感。在希腊化时代出现了一些描写普通人日常生活的作品。
公元前 5世纪希腊雕塑艺术的代表人物有以表现运动中的竞技者著称的米隆，以精妙的青年运动员青铜雕像闻名的波利克利图斯和以雕塑神像享有盛名的菲迪亚斯(活动时期约公元前490～前430年)。菲迪亚斯创作的奥林匹亚宙斯庙中的宙斯像，被誉为“世界七大奇迹”之一。他领导建筑的耸立于雅典卫城上的帕台农神庙（设计师为伊克蒂诺和卡利克拉特），至今仍被视为古希腊建筑艺术的最高成就。他为这座神庙塑造的雅典娜女神像也享有盛名。公元前 4世纪的卓越雕塑家有普拉克西特利斯、斯科帕斯和利西波斯。
陶器的造型和各种器皿上的绘画是古希腊艺术宝库的重要组成部分。从公元前 7世纪起，希腊的陶器绘画已经显示出不同的地方特色。公元前 6世纪下半叶，雅典的陶器绘画得到高度的发展。在陶器天然的红色表面用黑色作画的黑画陶初享盛名，取而代之的是更便于现实地表现人体和动作的红画陶，即画面本身是陶器天然的红色，而其余空间皆为黑色。
文字、诗歌和戏剧
公元前 8世纪，希腊人在改造腓尼基字母的基础上创造了希腊字母，这是希腊人对人类文明的重要贡献。现在的希腊字母是不同地区的古希腊人不断改进的结晶。这种不仅能够表现辅音，而且能够表现母音的字母，成为拉丁字母的前驱。
古代希腊人留下了不朽的荷马史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》（一译《奥德修纪》）。教喻诗、抒情诗等不同题材诗歌在古希腊大放异彩，出现了赫西奥德、萨福、品达罗斯、西摩尼得斯、卡利马科斯等富有才华的诗人。他们的诗歌风格各异，从不同的角度反映了所处时代的风貌。
悲剧和喜剧创作是古希腊人在文化方面的又一伟大贡献。无论悲剧或喜剧，都是在公元前 6世纪下半叶产生于雅典，都与对酒神狄奥尼索斯的崇拜有关。组织戏剧演出是雅典国家的重要任务之一。公元前 5世纪，雅典的伟大悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯不断完善悲剧的表演形式，通过神话传说，深刻反映现实中公民群众关心的问题，有广泛的社会影响。而喜剧作家阿里斯托芬的作品，以其丰富的想象、独特的结构，表达了作者对迫切的社会和政治问题的见解。公元
前4世纪下半叶著名剧作家米南德的作品，提供了许多关于当时社会的珍贵资料。公元前4世纪，圆形剧场成为希腊最流行的建筑物。在希腊化时代，体育馆和剧场是每个城市必不可少的公共建筑。公元前 4世纪下半叶在伯罗奔尼撒半岛的埃皮达鲁斯修建的剧场至今保存完好，每逢夏季那里常有古希腊戏剧上演。
演说术由于政治斗争和众多诉讼的需要，古代希腊出现了一系列著名演说家，留下了大量珍贵的演说辞。例如吕西阿斯、伊索克拉底、狄摩西尼、埃斯基涅斯等。
哲学和史学
以泰勒斯、毕达哥拉斯、赫拉克利特、德谟克利特、苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德、伊壁鸠鲁（公元前341～前270年）、芝诺（公元前335～前263年）等人为代表的古希腊哲学在人类思想发展史上占有崇高
地位，为后世各个流派的哲学家提供了极为丰富的思想源泉。
古代希腊产生了许多著名历史学家,如希罗多德、修昔底德、色诺芬、波利比奥斯等。他们的著作广泛记载了各种事件，又是优秀的文学作品。
希腊化时代的文化
希腊化时代科学渐与哲学分离而趋于分门别类的探索。亚历山大里亚、帕加马、罗德斯等地成为新的文化中心。地理学、医学、天文学、数学、植物学、解剖学、物理学等学科都有重大发展。对过去典籍的整理取得了重大成就。学术上的代表人物有地理学家埃拉托色尼、植物学家泰奥弗拉斯托斯、数学家欧几里得、物理学家阿基米德，以及出生于萨莫斯岛的天文学家阿里斯塔科斯、生于尼凯亚的天文学家喜帕恰斯等人。他们都在学术思想发展史上作出了不可磨灭的贡献。阿基米德和欧几里得的著作今天仍有意义。
希腊化诸国相继沦为罗马的行省之后，在地中海东部地区希腊文化长期居于主导地位，对罗马文化的发展产生了重大影响。但总的来看，希腊文化随着城邦的衰落而式微。
Ancient GREek civilization
Section 3 refers to 2070 to 1000 before the end of the Tertiary and the first half of a century of life in the Balkans and the Mediterranean around the vast region of the ancient GREeks to create culture. Ancient Greek culture is the cultural heritage of mankind an important part of the world, particularly in the development of European culture have a major impact. From the beginning of the 4th century BC, "Greeks" is not purely a racial concept, but refers to all accepted Greek culture and Greek people.
Ji No. 3 1000 2070 and the former No. 2 at the end of 1000 century, the islands in the Aegean and GREece mainland Europe had the earliest bronze culture (see Maitini Crete civilization, and civilization). BC main speakers here paragraph 1 of the 1000 JI Greek culture. During this period the Greek culture is primitive society to collapse and the slave tenure certain stage of development of the socio-economic development of the Greek needs and reflect and serve the development of this, it is the Greeks extensively around the nation, especially the ancient West , North Africa, the countries of outstanding cultural achievements and creatively to the transformation and development of the results, different regions of the common wisdom of the Greeks.
Myth and religion
Ancient GREek culture Faren period, myth and religion are intertwined and can not be separated. Many Greeks have created the myth of eternal charm. Greece had the religious worship of the universe things, ancestor worship, hero worship, from the totem worship and to the development of people to be. Ancient Greece numerous tribal clan Community have had their own god, but a city of God and the entire Greek world in the universal respect for God. BC 8 before the end of the century to the early seventh century poet Hexiaode he wrote in a "god EC spectrum," a narrative including Beisaidong headed by Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Hera, god, etc. family.
Religion in the lives of GREeks played a very important role, but in different periods of history whose role is to be different. In a class division is not serious, all clan members to participate in productive labor, when many God and the labor process. If Hull Mexican Andean grazing, Athena olive cultivation, such as Aerteimishi hunting. When the aristocratic clan commune become the ruler of God has become their protector and the source of power. Worship power control aristocratic clan use their religious authority, control and enslavement of ordinary members of the clan. It is said that they use comes from God be God or the protection of unwritten law of the clan members of a magistrate. When the rule of aristocratic clan system due to the development of city and weaken or destroy, to all citizens linked with the religious nature of the whole city would come into being. For the memory of all the citizens of the city god temple was built and the establishment of festivals, it is the concrete manifestation. In Athens, all the major festival have been placed under state control, various festivals strengthen civic unity has become an important means. In the era of Greece, Egypt and the West on the religious beliefs of many countries have an extensive impact on the Greeks. Ptolemaic king vigorously promote the spirit of both Egypt and Greece characteristics of the god Serapis worship.
Architecture and art
GREeks generally not the temple worship ceremony, held in front of the temple, the temple's size. The earliest temple for the wooden structure, stone structure for the later development, the use of the marble building abounds in Greece. BC 7th century ago, in Collins, and other places have appeared in the original temple, its structure is clearly Born Out Maitini era "Maijialong" (main hall). 7th century BC formed a two Wai column method for constructing a temple, or multi-Liberia-and Ionian. The former Greeks prevalent in the Balkans, Greece and the island of Sicily, which is the Asia Minor Greeks widely used. Greece as a basis for the construction of the pillar structure is a great creation of the Greeks, far-reaching impact on future generations. 5 century BC, in the Ionian column formed on the basis of the Corinthian column, in the 4th century BC and was widely used. Temple decorations from scratch, in the very long term, statues and decorative molding temple altar of the Greek sculptor painting homes and can display the main aspects. Ancient Greek statues - discus throw hand shaped statues addition, the Greek sculptor also created a large number of the idealized statue of the body, including a large number of elite athletes performance of the statue. As early as the 7th century BC there have been called "the Rose" stone statues of naked young men. In practice, the Greek sculptor committed to the long-term performance of the body posture in the campaign, has made tremendous achievements. 4th century BC sculptor begin to pay attention to people's emotional performance. In Greece there have been some times of describing the daily lives of ordinary people work.
5th century BC GREek sculpture and art representative of a movement to the competitive performance of those Miloon known to the young athletes, making the famous bronze statue Beilikelitushi statues and sculptures renowned Feidieshi ( periods before about 430 to 490 BC). Feidieshi creation of the temple of Zeus Olympia like Zeus, as the "World Seven Wonders" one. His leadership in building stands on the Acropolis of the Parthenon (Ictinus and Callicrates for designers), is still regarded as the art of ancient Greece, the highest achievement. He is the temple shaped like the goddess Athena also renowned. 4th century BC's outstanding sculptors have Pulakexitelishi, Shikemoshi and Lixibeishi.
Pottery containers of various shapes and the paintings of ancient GREek art is an important component of the treasure house. From the 7th century BC, the Greek pottery painting has been shown to different local characteristics. 6th century BC, the second half of the Athens pottery painting by a high degree of development. In the red pottery natural surface with black paint and painted pottery of renowned early, and in its place is a more realistic performance to facilitate movement of the human body and red painted pottery, pottery natural screen itself is a red, and the remaining space were black.
Text, poetry and drama
The eighth century BC, GREeks in the transformation of the Phoenician alphabet on the basis of the creation of the Greek alphabet, which Greeks to human civilization is an important contribution. Now the Greek alphabet is different regions of the ancient Greeks constantly improve the crystallization. This is not only able to demonstrate the consonants and vowels of the alphabet can display, a Latin alphabet precursor.
Ancient GREeks left the immortal Homer's poem "The Iliad" and "Odyssey" (a translation "Adegold Xiu Ji"). Yu taught poetry, lyrics and other subjects of ancient Greek poetry in Orange, there Hexiaode, Sappho, Pindaros, Ximani in Slovakia, such as Cali Marcos the most talented poets. Poetry their various styles from different perspectives reflect the style of the times.
Comedy is tragedy and creative culture of the ancient GREeks in another great contribution. Whether tragedy or comedy, and are in the 6th century BC, the second half of the produce in Athens, with the worship of the god Diaonisuoshi. Athens Organization drama is one of the key tasks countries. 5th century BC, Athens, the great writer Aeschylus tragedy, Suofukeleishi and Euripides tragedy continuously improve performance, through the myths and legends, and profoundly reflect the reality of the issues of concern to citizens, a wide range of impact on society. Aristophanes comedy writers and works with its rich imagination and the unique structure of the expression of the author of the pressing social and political problems views. Year
Before the second half of the 4th century playwright Minade famous works, many on the then provide a very valuable information. 4th century BC, a GREek amphitheatre most popular buildings. In Greece era, a stadium and the theater is essential for every city public buildings. 4th century BC in the second half of the Peloponnesian peninsula Aipidalushi construction of the theater has preserved every summer where ancient Greek drama often staged.
The speech of many political struggles and the need for litigation, ancient GREece in a series of well-known speaker, left a lot of precious speech. For example, Lysias, Isokrates, Dimaxini, such as Aishijinieshi.
History and Philosophy
To Thales, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Epicures (BC 341 ~ 270 years ago), Zeno ( BC 335 ~ 263 years ago), and other representatives of human philosophy in ancient GREece, the history of human development occupies a lofty idea
Status and to future generations to provide all schools philosopher, a very rich source of ideas.
Ancient GREece produced many well-known historians such as Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, such as Polley than Oslo. Their works extensively documented events, and also an outstanding literary works.
GREek culture of the times
GREece era of science and philosophy gradually become isolated and categorized exploration. Alexander Adriatic, Pergamon, Rhodes and other places as a new cultural centre. Geography, medicine, astronomy, mathematics, botany, anatomy, physics and other disciplines have major development. Finishing the book in the past has made significant achievements. The representatives include academic geographers Ailatuo color Nigeria, botanists Taiaofula斯托斯, mathematician Euclid, Archimedes physicist, was born in Samos, as well as astronomers Aristarchus Takeshi, born in Nikaie astronomer Hipparchus and others. Both of them in the development history of academic thinking made an indelible contribution. Archimedes and Euclid writings are still relevant today.
GREece and Rome countries have become Xingsheng, the eastern Mediterranean region in the long-term resident in Greece dominant culture, the culture of Rome had a significant impact on development. But, in general, the Greek culture with the city and the decline of decline.
