希腊简介
Ελλάδα, η [GREece]
国家。位于欧洲南部巴尔干半岛南端，包括附近许多岛屿，陆疆同阿尔巴尼亚、马其顿、保加利亚、土耳其为邻；西南濒地中海，东临爱琴海。面积13.2万平方公里（其中岛屿面积 2.5万平方公里）。人口1，005.5万（1989），约95％为希腊人，余为土耳其人、马其顿人、保加利亚人等。希腊正教为国教。希腊语为国语。首都雅典。四分之三为山地，沿海有低地，海岸线长1.5万公里，多曲折港湾。河流短急。除高山外，属地中海式气候，冬温湿，夏干热，从北到南平均气温：1月5~11℃，7月25~27℃。年降水量东部400~700毫米，西部约900~1，200毫米。矿产有石油、天然气、铀、铁、铬、铝土、重晶石、锌等。富水力资源。欧洲文明古国，公元前五世纪为全盛时期。公元前146年为罗马帝国征服。 1396年起被土耳其占领。1829年成为自治公国。1830年宣布独立，成立希腊王国。1941年被法西斯德国侵占。 1944年10月15日恢复独立。1973年6月废除君主制，改为希腊共和国。原以生产和出口农产品为主，产小麦、玉米、烟草、干果等。二十世纪六十年代起工业迅速发展。制造业已占国民总产值首位。有冶金、电子、化学、纺织、造船和食品等部门。输出工业品、矿产、烟草，水果、皮革等。输入石油、粮食、机器等。多历史古迹和古建筑，风光明媚，旅游业发达。海运重要，海港有萨洛尼卡、比雷埃夫斯、佩特雷等。
古代希腊
历史上指爱琴海区域，包括巴尔干半岛南部、爱琴海诸岛及小亚细亚西部沿海地带。公元前3000年代后，爱琴文明繁荣。后因北方落后部落侵入，爱琴文明衰落。前11世纪进入荷马时代。前8世纪起，希腊各地先后建立数以百计的奴隶制城邦。前5世纪希波战争后，希腊城邦进入繁荣阶段，经济贸易兴盛，文化成就卓越。伯罗奔尼撒战争后，走向衰落。前4世纪希腊半岛被马其顿王国征服，前2世纪归罗马统治。
古希腊悲剧
世界戏剧史上最古老的戏剧之一。约形成于公元前5世纪初，由古代希腊酒神节祭祷仪式中的酒神颂歌演变而来。最初由一个演员讲述故事，伴以歌队演唱。后发展为三个演员登台演出。演员戴面具，穿高底靴，女角由男演员扮演。多取材于荷马史诗或神话传说。发展到后来，逐渐扩大到神话和英雄传说的范围——悲剧的形式逐步发展和完善。
在这一过程中贡献很大的有三大悲剧家：一是被誉为希腊“悲剧之父”的埃斯库罗斯，其代表作有《被缚的普罗米修斯》；第二个是“戏剧艺术的荷马”——索福克勒斯，其著作《俄狄普斯王》是希腊悲剧的典范；第三人是“心理戏剧的鼻祖”——欧里庇得斯，其代表作《美狄亚》最早的提出了妇女问题。
古希腊的悲剧以最清醒的现实态度，把人的生存的悲剧性展示在我们面前,古希腊悲剧家们的悲剧意识,也启发着我们正确地看待艰难的人生，并在这艰难中开拓前进.从生存论角度看，古希腊的悲剧家们特别给我们展示了人的生存样态的自觉，人不再是盲目的任命运所随意摆弄的玩偶，而是更自由的人，是对于自己的行动和激情负有更大责任的人。从文化的角度看,古希腊的悲剧家们暴露了文化的困境，并以悲剧主人公的毁灭揭示了文化陈规的巨大力量，反过来它也为一种新的文化形式奠定了基础，随着悲剧主人公的毁灭，使人们感受到新的文化价值的尊严，看到了新的文化的曙光,实现了悲剧的否定式超越。
希腊的悲剧主要不是写悲，而是在于表现崇高壮烈的英雄主义思想。“根据亚里斯多德定义，希腊悲剧描写的是严肃的事件；目的在于引起怜悯和恐惧，并导致这些情感的净化；主人公往往出乎意料的遭到不幸，从而成悲剧，因而悲剧的冲突成了人和命运的冲突”。
About GREece
Ελλάδα, η [GREece]
Countries. The southern tip of the southern Balkans in Europe, including many nearby islands, land frontiers with Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey to the neighboring Southwest Dying Mediterranean, the east Aegean. Area of 132,000 square kilometers (one island area of 25,000 square kilometers). 1,005.5 million population (1989), about 95% of the GREeks, the Turks more than, Macedonia, Bulgaria and so on. Greek Orthodox as the State religion. Greek is in Mandarin. Capital Athens. Three-quarters of the mountain, there are low-lying coastal areas, 15,000 km long coastline, and more twists and turns Harbour. Rivers short urgency. In addition to the mountains, a Mediterranean climate, moist winter, dry and hot summer, from north to south, the average temperature: January 5 to 11 ℃, July 25 to 27 ℃. The annual rainfall is 400 ~ 700 mm eastern and western about 900 to 1,200 mm. There are mineral oil, natural gas, uranium, iron, chrome, bauxite, barite, such as zinc. Rich hydropower resources. European countries with ancient civilizations, the fifth century BC to its heyday. 146 BC in the Roman Empire conquered. 1396 has been the Turkish occupation. 1829 as an autonomous public States. 1830 declaration of independence, the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece. 1941 occupation by France and Germany. October 15, 1944 restoration of independence. June 1973 abolition of the monarchy, to the Hellenic Republic. The production and export of agricultural products to mainly producing wheat, corn, tobacco, dried fruit. In the 1960s rapid industrial development. Manufacturing accounts for the first GNP. Have metallurgy, electronics, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and food sectors. Output of industrial products, mineral products, tobacco, fruits, leather. Importation of oil, grain, machinery. Many historical monuments and ancient architecture, beautiful scenery, tourism developed. Seaborne important, the harbour has Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patras, etc..
Ancient GREece
That the history of the Aegean region, including the southern Balkans, the Aegean islands and the west coast of Asia Minor area. 2070 3000's, the Aegean Civilization prosperity. After the tribal invasion by the North backward, Aegean Civilization decline. Before the 11th century into the era of Homer. Before the 8th century, GREece has established around the city hundreds of slavery. Xibei war before the 5th century, the Greek city-states into the prosperity phase, economy, trade and prosperity and cultural achievements. Peloponnesian War, to decline. Before the 4th century Greek peninsula conquered by the Kingdom of Macedonia, the former two century under Roman rule.
Ancient GREek Tragedy
World history of drama one of the most ancient drama. About formed in the early 5th century BC by the ancient GREek god of the festival prayer ceremony in the evolution of the universe from Dionysus. By an actor on the original story, accompanied by the singing team songs. After three actors for the development of the stage. Actors wearing masks, wearing high boots at the end, the angle from female actor to play. Many are based on Homer's epic or myths and legends. Later development, and gradually expanded to the myths and legends of heroes - the tragedy in the form of the progressive development and improvement.
In this process there are three GREat contribution to the family tragedy: First, Greece known as "the father of tragedy" Aeschylus, the representative of "Prometheus Bound" The second one is "Dramatic Art of Homer "- Suofukeleishi, his new book," Russian Dipushi Wang "is a model of Greek tragedy; third person is" the originator psychological drama "- Euripides, the representative of" the United States [Reporter] Asia, "the earliest made women's issues.
Ancient GREek tragedy in the most sober realism to the survival of the tragic display in front of us, home to ancient Greek tragedy sense of the tragedy, but also inspired us to look at the correct difficult life, and in this difficult forge ahead . survival from the point of view of theory, the ancient Greek tragedy home to us in particular have demonstrated the existence of the state-consciously, who is no longer blind random playing with the fate of the dolls, but more liberal, which is for their own action and passion of the people have greater responsibility. From the cultural point of view, the ancient Greek tragedy exposed the cultural home to the plight of the Tragic Hero and the destruction of cultural stereotypes reveals the tremendous strength, in turn, it is a new form of culture has laid a foundation with tragedy Hero destruction, so that people feel the new cultural values of dignity, we can see the dawn of a new culture and realized the negative beyond tragedy.
GREek tragedy was not writing sad, but in the performance of noble heroic hero ideology. "According to Aristotle's definition of Greek tragedy about the serious events; aims to arouse pity and fear, and these emotions lead to the purification; heroine was often unexpected and unfortunate, as tragedy, the tragedy of the conflict as a result and the fate of the conflict. "
Ελλάδα, η [GREece]
Countries. The southern tip of the southern Balkans in Europe, including many nearby islands, land frontiers with Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Turkey to the neighboring Southwest Dying Mediterranean, the east Aegean. Area of 132,000 square kilometers (one island area of 25,000 square kilometers). 1,005.5 million population (1989), about 95% of the GREeks, the Turks more than, Macedonia, Bulgaria and so on. Greek Orthodox as the State religion. Greek is in Mandarin. Capital Athens. Three-quarters of the mountain, there are low-lying coastal areas, 15,000 km long coastline, and more twists and turns Harbour. Rivers short urgency. In addition to the mountains, a Mediterranean climate, moist winter, dry and hot summer, from north to south, the average temperature: January 5 to 11 ℃, July 25 to 27 ℃. The annual rainfall is 400 ~ 700 mm eastern and western about 900 to 1,200 mm. There are mineral oil, natural gas, uranium, iron, chrome, bauxite, barite, such as zinc. Rich hydropower resources. European countries with ancient civilizations, the fifth century BC to its heyday. 146 BC in the Roman Empire conquered. 1396 has been the Turkish occupation. 1829 as an autonomous public States. 1830 declaration of independence, the establishment of the Kingdom of Greece. 1941 occupation by France and Germany. October 15, 1944 restoration of independence. June 1973 abolition of the monarchy, to the Hellenic Republic. The production and export of agricultural products to mainly producing wheat, corn, tobacco, dried fruit. In the 1960s rapid industrial development. Manufacturing accounts for the first GNP. Have metallurgy, electronics, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and food sectors. Output of industrial products, mineral products, tobacco, fruits, leather. Importation of oil, grain, machinery. Many historical monuments and ancient architecture, beautiful scenery, tourism developed. Seaborne important, the harbour has Thessaloniki, Piraeus, Patras, etc..
Ancient GREece
That the history of the Aegean region, including the southern Balkans, the Aegean islands and the west coast of Asia Minor area. 2070 3000's, the Aegean Civilization prosperity. After the tribal invasion by the North backward, Aegean Civilization decline. Before the 11th century into the era of Homer. Before the 8th century, GREece has established around the city hundreds of slavery. Xibei war before the 5th century, the Greek city-states into the prosperity phase, economy, trade and prosperity and cultural achievements. Peloponnesian War, to decline. Before the 4th century Greek peninsula conquered by the Kingdom of Macedonia, the former two century under Roman rule.
Ancient GREek Tragedy
World history of drama one of the most ancient drama. About formed in the early 5th century BC by the ancient GREek god of the festival prayer ceremony in the evolution of the universe from Dionysus. By an actor on the original story, accompanied by the singing team songs. After three actors for the development of the stage. Actors wearing masks, wearing high boots at the end, the angle from female actor to play. Many are based on Homer's epic or myths and legends. Later development, and gradually expanded to the myths and legends of heroes - the tragedy in the form of the progressive development and improvement.
In this process there are three GREat contribution to the family tragedy: First, Greece known as "the father of tragedy" Aeschylus, the representative of "Prometheus Bound" The second one is "Dramatic Art of Homer "- Suofukeleishi, his new book," Russian Dipushi Wang "is a model of Greek tragedy; third person is" the originator psychological drama "- Euripides, the representative of" the United States [Reporter] Asia, "the earliest made women's issues.
Ancient GREek tragedy in the most sober realism to the survival of the tragic display in front of us, home to ancient Greek tragedy sense of the tragedy, but also inspired us to look at the correct difficult life, and in this difficult forge ahead . survival from the point of view of theory, the ancient Greek tragedy home to us in particular have demonstrated the existence of the state-consciously, who is no longer blind random playing with the fate of the dolls, but more liberal, which is for their own action and passion of the people have greater responsibility. From the cultural point of view, the ancient Greek tragedy exposed the cultural home to the plight of the Tragic Hero and the destruction of cultural stereotypes reveals the tremendous strength, in turn, it is a new form of culture has laid a foundation with tragedy Hero destruction, so that people feel the new cultural values of dignity, we can see the dawn of a new culture and realized the negative beyond tragedy.
GREek tragedy was not writing sad, but in the performance of noble heroic hero ideology. "According to Aristotle's definition of Greek tragedy about the serious events; aims to arouse pity and fear, and these emotions lead to the purification; heroine was often unexpected and unfortunate, as tragedy, the tragedy of the conflict as a result and the fate of the conflict. "
