非谓语动词是近年四级考试中语法项目考查的重点,也是学习过程中容易混淆出错的一个方面。那么,什么是非谓语动词呢?学习非谓语动词应该注意哪些问题?下面我跟大家一起来分析一下。动词根据它能否单独作谓语可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。顾名思义,非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语。非谓语动词有三种:动词不定式、动名词和分词。在第27、28期报纸中,我们将对其一一分析,帮助同学们掌握其用法。
不定式是一种非谓语动词,由"to+动词原形"构成(使用时有时不带to),在句子中不能单独作谓语。它具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,同时又保持了动词的某些特征,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。不定式的否定结构由不定式符号to前加not构成,即"not to+动词原形"。考试中的难点在于时态(一般式to +v、进行式to be +v-ing、完成式to have +v-ed、完成进行式to have been +v-ing)、语态(主动和被动to be +v-ed / to have been +v-ed)和带或不带to的问题。
1.接不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语
1)下列动词直接跟带to的不定式作宾语:afford, aGREe, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, bear, beg, begin, care, choose, claim, consent, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, fear, forget, happen, hate, help, hesitate, hope, incline, intend, learn, like, love, manage, mean, neglect, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, start, swear, trouble, try, undertake, want, wish等。例如:
He has planned to study French next year.他打算明年学法语。
2)下列动词可以接"疑问代词who, whom, what, which, 疑问副词when, where, why, whether, how +to不定式"作宾语:ask, consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, guess, imagine, know, learn, observe, remember, show, tell, think, understand, wonder等。例如:
She can't decide what to do.她决定不了该做什么。
该结构"疑问代词/副词+to不定式"还可以作主语、表语、宾语、介词宾语、定语等。如:
What worries me most is what to say at the meeting.使我着急的是不知道在会上说些什么。
3)believe, consider, feel, find, judge, make, think等动词后的宾语如果是不定式,补语是形容词或名词时,常用it作先行宾语,把不定式后置。例如:
I found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.我发现在限定时间内回答所有的问题是不可能的。
4)下列短语后接不带to的不定式:can't but(不能不), can't help but(不能不), can do nothing but(没有办法只好), can't choose but(不得不),had better(最好), would rather(宁愿), might(may) as well(还是......为好)。例如:
I could do nothing but pretend that I didn't know it.我没有办法,只好假装不知道此事。
另外,在but(除了), expect(除......外), save(除......外)等之前用了do,其后的不定式一般不带to;若用了别的动词,其后的不定式一般加to。如:
They did nothing else except work.他们除了工作以外什么也不干。
The windows were never opened except to air the room for a few minutes in the morning.窗子除了在早晨打开给房子透透气之外,从来不开。
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