作为英语学习的基本技能之一,听力一直对大多数学生来说都是一个薄弱环节,要想迅速提高听的能力,并不是一味地多听就可以达到目的,还需要掌握一定的方法,学会做简要记录(note-taking)则是提高听力水平,特别是提高六级听力理解能力的重要技巧之一。
听力理解中的一段录音,对听者来说听到的话语转瞬即逝,没有反复咀嚼和理解话语意义的可能性,要想提高听力的得分率,除要有一定的听力理解能力,还要形成良好的听音习惯。正确的听音习惯既要求学生全神贯注于听力材料,认真思索,又要求学生边听边做简要记录。做简要记录是对听到的材料进行提炼、归纳后记录关键词句的过程。通过平时的训练形成一套系统的做记录的方法不仅是可行的,而且是必要的。以下是学会简要记录的基本方法。
首先,在听力中要学会抓要点和关键词。要点和关键词告诉听众听力材料所要表达的主要内容,一般是录音中要强调的部分,在段落中会反复谈到,在句子中会重读。就单句来说,名词、动词和重要的形容词是关键词,而连词、介词和副词则相对不是那么重要。就一个段落来说,通常置于段首的topic sentence,段中表示观点的句子和段尾的concluding sentence是要点,而例子或具体信息则是非关键句。在做简短记录时,学生要省略非关键的词句,集中注意力记录关键词句。如下面一段录音稿:
When a young child begins elementary school,she is usually nervous and a little afraid. She enters the school for the first time and is directed to her classroom by the princi-pal.She enters the room and is shown by her new teacher.After she sits down in the new seat and puts all of her books away,her adventure into the world of formal education begins.
听完这段录音,对关键词句可做如下简短记录:child begin school,nervous,afraid,enter school first time,directed classroom by principal, shown by teacher,sit down,put books away,formal education begins,通过对所记关键词句的快速阅读,学生可以更好地理解所听的内容,帮助准确地回答问题和正确地做出选择。
其次,为了提高书写的速度,学生对关键词的记录应形成自己独特的简写(abbreviation)方式。下面三种方法比较常用:
1.运用英语中众所周知的简写方式。例:
i.e. that is
e.g. for example
℃ deGREe Centigrade
kg kilogram
etc. and so on
UK United Kingdom
°F deGREe Fahrenheit
N north
cf. compare
Max maximum
1(st) first
Q question
2.根据自己的习惯,对于拼写长的单词,运用单词的前几个字母代表该单词;省略元音字母后,用辅音字母代表该单词;省略中间,运
用单词的首尾几个字母代表该单词等方法加快书写速度。例:
econ prob economic problem
poss possible/ly
brdcst broadcast
bldg building
equip equipment
expns expensive
govt government
infor information
dept department
3.运用符号,特别是数学中常用的符号表达发展变化的趋势或关键词句间的关系。例:
=equal,the same as
≠not equal to,differ from
>more than,GREater than
<less than
rise,increase
fall,decline,decrease
→lead to,result in
←produced by,result from
+plus-minus
&and’minutesecond
运用以上技巧,来看下面一段听力材料:
Musical instrument can be divided into two basic groups:those that are played with the hand alone,and those for which both hands and mouth are needed.The former group includes the keyboard,stringed and percussion instruments,and the latter the brass and woodwind.
听过这段录音后,学生可以做以下记录:
music instr:2bas.grps.
1(st)play hands only,e.g.keybd,string, percus
2(nd)hand +mouth,e.g.brass &w oodw d
对六级听力的对话和短文理解,运用简短记录的技巧,在已经有的文章材料旁做记录,以便于将有声材料的内容补充得充分一些,等问题出现时就能迅速做出答案。在做 Section A时,特别是当遇到数字(包括时间、日期、价格和距离等)题和辨别、比较题时,做记录可以避免当时听得懂,选择时辨别不清的问题,从而提高选择的准确性。例:
You w ill read:(CET-6,2000年6月第7题)
A.At a bookstore.
B.At an art museum.
C.At a new spaper office.
D.At a gymnasium.
You w ill hear:
M:Mary is in charge of the art and music section;and Charles,the sports page.What about you?
W:I'm responsible for the editorials.
在已经有的文字材料旁可以做以下记录:
A.At a bookstore.
B.At an art museum.(Mary—art&music)
C.At a new spaper office.(W—edit)
D.At a gymnasium.(Charles—sports)
有了简短记录,学生在听到Q: Where does the w oman w ork?时,就会很容易选出正确选项C。又如:
You will read:(CET-6,2002年1月第8题)
A.By going on a diet.
B.By having few er meals.
C.By doing physical exercise.
D.By eating fruit and vegetables.
You will hear:
W:When I go on a diet,I eat only fruit, and that takes off w eight quickly.
M :I prefer to eat w hatever I w ant,and then run regularly to lose w eight.
在已经有的文字材料旁可以做以下记录:
A.By going on a diet.
B.By having few er meals.
C.By doing physical exercise.(M—run)
D.By eating fruit and vegetables.(W—fruit)
记录中用M,W分别代表Man,Woman,学生在听到Q:How does the man control his weight?时,会很迅速地选择正确选项C。
在做Section B的passage部分时,同样需要做记录,但是记录的内容不能太多,并且要与预读选项、预测内容等应试手段相结合,以达到快速、准确、轻松做听力理解题的目的。
总之,在平时的学习中应多听录音,多做练习,结合自己的习惯,形成独特的做简短记录的方式,以便在各种测试中轻松自如地应付各种类型的听力试题,取得令人满意的成绩。