[语法]－－名词、冠词精讲精练

(I)名词

1.名词的分类

名词可分为：

专有名词：China, United Nations, GREen, Li Ping

个体名词：student, pencil, member, tree

集体名词：class, people, clothing, family

物质名词：water, fruit, rice, steel

抽象名词：proGREss, health, friendship

2.名词变复数的特殊变化

1)改变元音：man—men, foot—feet, tooth—teeth

2)单复数相同：a Chinese—three Chinese, a deer—two deer

3)不规则变化：child—children, mouse—mice

4)由man或woman修饰复数名词时，前后名词都要变为复数，而由girl或boy修饰复数名词时，只将后面的名词变为复数：women doctors, men teachers, boy students, girl friends

3.不可数名词变为可数名词的情况

1)物质名词用作可数时，表示“一份”。如：I want three coffees.我要三杯咖啡。

2)物质名词或抽象名词变为复数，有时意义不同。如：game(游戏)——games(运动会)，iron(铁)——irons(熨斗)，good（好处，益处）——goods（商品）等等。

3)有些抽象名词表示具体化、形象化的量，其前面可以加上a(an)，表示“一次”，“一个”的意思。如：

Our party is a success.我们的晚会很成功（我们的晚会是一次成功的晚会）。

It's a pity that they couldn't go to the cinema with us.很遗憾他们没能和我们一起去看电影（他们没能和我们一起去看电影是一件很遗憾的事）。

4)专有名词变为复数时意义有所变化。如：Mr. Smith(斯密斯先生)——the Smiths(史密斯先生一家或史密斯夫妇)。

4.特殊的名词的数

1)某些词可数与不可数意义不同：work(工作)——works(作品)，room(空间)——rooms(房间)，experience(经验)——experiences(经历) ，cloth(布)——clothes(衣服)

2)结尾不加s但含有复数意义：people(人民)，police（警察），cattle(牛群)

3)只有复数的名词：trousers(裤子)，compasses(圆规)

4)末尾有s但不是复数的名词：news（消息），mathematics(数学)，politics（政治）

5.名词的双重所有格使用要点

名词的双重所有格指 's所有格和of所有格同时使用。

1)作of宾语的名词必须是“人”。

A friend of my father's.我父亲的朋友。

2)前面的名词不和the连用，但可以和数词、不定冠词或指示代词连用。如:a student of Mr Lis李老师的学生；that toy of my brother's我弟弟的那件玩具

3)双重所有格表示其中之一。如:a friend of my father's = one of my father's friends

(II)冠词

1.不定冠词a (an)的用法

a(an)可以指一个数量概念，也可用来泛指事物，说明其名称或种类。它表达的意思通常是：

1)“任何一个”。如：He is a famous doctor.他是一个医生。

2)“每一个”。如：Please take the medicine three times a day.这种药每天吃三次。

3)使物质名词和抽象名词具体化。如：To study a foreign language is a must to the students in the middle schools.中学生学习外语很有必要。

4)将物质名词、专有名词普通化。如：They make a fire to get warm.他们生火取暖。

A Mr. Smith called you just now, but he didnt tell me his full name.刚才有一个叫史密斯的叫你，但他没有告诉我他的全名。

5)“同一个”，相当于the same。如：The two pairs of shoes are of a size.这两双鞋尺码一样。

6)用在序数词之前，表示“又一次，再一次”。如： Let's try a second time.让我再试一次。

7)将动词名词化，表示一次具体行为。如：He gave us a nod with a smile.他笑着朝我们点了点头。

8)用在固定短语中。如：in a hurry（匆匆忙忙地），as a result（结果）等等。

2.定冠词的一些用法

定冠词the有this, that, these, those的概念，用在单数或复数名词前，主要用来特指。其通常用法是：

1)用于指世界上独一无二的事物。如the sun, the moon, the earth等。

2)用在序数词、最高级之前。如：

He took the first place in the game.他在比赛中获得第一名。

This maths problem is the most difficult to work out.这道数学题最难解。

3)用在某些形容词之前，表示复数意义的一类人或事物。如：The old should be taken good care of.老年人应该得到很好的照顾。

4)和姓氏名词复数连用，表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩”。如：The Turners have gone abroad for their holiday.特纳一家（特纳夫妇）到国外去度假了。

5)用在江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、海峡、海湾的名词前。如the Pacific太平洋the Xisha Islands西沙群岛；the Nile尼罗河； the Sahara Desert撒哈拉大沙漠。

6)用在报刊、杂志、会议、条约名词前。如the People's Daily人民日报； the Reader's Digest读者文摘

7)国家的全称前。如the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国

8)公共建筑、机关团体组织名词前。如the GREat Hall of the People人民大会堂；the United Nations联合国

9)民族、党派、阶级名词前。如the working class工人阶级；the Chinese Communist Party中国共产党

10)西洋乐器名词前。如the piano钢琴；the violin小提琴

11)年代、朝代、时代名词前。如the Tang Dynasty唐朝；in the 1990s二十世纪九十年代

3.名词前不加冠词的情况

1)名词前已有指示代词或不定代词修饰时。如：

Every student must obey the rules at school.学生在校就要遵守纪律。

Who is that woman standing under the tree?站在树下的那个妇女是谁？

2)节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。如National Day; May Day但是，中国的传统节日前要加定冠词。如the Spring Festival春节

3)一日三餐、球类、棋类名词前。如play chess下棋；have breakfast

4)唯一的职务、头衔以及身份意义的名词前。如：He is made monitor of the class.他被选为班长。

5)表示对称意义的短语中前后名词前。如：heart and soul全心全意;day and night夜以继日;face to face面对面

6)某些固定短语中。如by bus, by hand, in fact, at night等等。

4.用与不用冠词意义不一样的情况

某些短语或说法用与不用冠词意思有所不同。简要归纳如下：at table在吃饭， at the table在桌子旁；in front of在……前面（范围之外），in the front of在……前部（范围之内）；in hospital住院，in the hospital在医院里；take place发生，take the place代替；by sea乘船，by the sea在海边；by hand手工的，by the hand拉着手；on earth究竟，on the earth在地球上

名词、冠词专项训练

I．在必要的地方填入适当的冠词：

1.Thomas Edison invented ______ electric light, ______ gramophone, and many other things.

2.Alice was standing by the window, ______ violin in ______ hand.

3.Tom is very interested in ______ literature, but he is weak in ______ Chinese.

4.Mr. Li, ______ teacher of geography in our school, graduated from ______ famous university.

5.It was ______ cold winter night. ______ pale moon hung low in ______ sky.

6.She took me by ______ hand and led me into the room.

7.Mr. Smith is ______ president of ______ World Health Organization.

8. ______ GREat Wall of China came into being in 221 B.C.in ______ Qin Dynasty.

9.Did your father study ______ English grammar when he was at ______ school?

10.This is ______ popular play written by ______ English writer.

11.I like to live in ______ room, ______ window of which opens to ______ south.

12.The secretary and ______ monitor is going to speak at the meeting.

13. ______ Hangzhou in China is one of ______ most beautiful cities in the world.

14.What ______ good weather it is! I am sure that ______ good many squirrels and ______ frogs will come out.

15.He is ______ taller of the two and he is ______ tallest of the three.

II．写出下列单词的复数形式：
1.sheep ______ 2.tomato ______ 　 3.thief　______ 4.German　______ 　5.stomach　______ 　

6.fly　 ______ 7.goose　______ 　 8.wolf　 ______ 9.photo　 ______ 10.match　 ______ 　　　

III.选择正确答案：

1. —Have you seen ______ pen? I left it here this morning.

—Is it ______ black one? I think I saw it somewhere.

A.a; the B.the; the C.the; a D.a; a

2. Paper money was in ______ use in China when Marco Polo visited the country in ______ thirteenth century.

A.the;× B.the; the C.×; the D.×; ×

3. — Hello, Tom, where were you last night?

— ______ .

A.To Brown's B.To the Brown's C.At Brown's D.In the Brown's

4.—What happened to you?

—I dropped the ______ and broke it.

A.tea's pot B.coffee cup

C.glass for beer D.vase of flower

5. —May I help you with some gloves, sir?

—Yes. I'd like to try on those blue ______ .

A.set B.pair C.ones D.those

6. —Would you like to go for a walk?

—Yes. It's ______ day!

A.so beautiful B.so a beautiful

C.such a beautiful D.such beautiful a

7.It's ______ for most children to play with just ______ .

A.GREat pleasure; sand B.a great pleasure; sand

C.a GREat pleasure; sands D.great pleasure; sands

8.______ to have a talk with those humorous persons!

A.What a fun it is B.How funny

C.Its such a fun D.What fun it is

9. He was given ______ on how to play ______ violin and to play ______ football.

A.some advice; the;× B.many advices; ×; the

C.a good advice; the; the D.much advice; a;a

10.Washington was elected in ______ September 1995, not in ______ October 1996.

A.×; the B.the; the C.×; × D.the; ×

Key:

I．1．the；the2．×；×3．×；×4．a（the）；a5．a；The；the6．the7．×；the 8．The； the 9．×；×10．a；an11．the；the；the12．×13．×；the14．×；a15．the；the

II． 1．sheep 2．tomatoes 3．thieves 4．Germans 5．stomachs 6．flies 7．geese 8．wolves 9．photos 10．matches

III．1．D 2． C 3．C 4．B 5．C 6．C 7．B 8．D 9．A 10．C