●首页 加入收藏 网站地图 热点专题 网站搜索 [RSS订阅] [WAP访问]  
语言选择:
英语联盟 | www.enun.cn
英语学习 | 英语阅读 | 英语写作 | 英语听力 | 英语语法 | 综合口语 | 考试大全 | 英语四六 | 英语课堂 | 广播英语 | 行业英语 | 出国留学
品牌英语 | 实用英语 | 英文歌曲 | 影视英语 | 幽默笑话 | 英语游戏 | 儿童英语 | 英语翻译 | 英语讲演 | 求职简历 | 奥运英语 | 英文祝福
背景:#EDF0F5 #FAFBE6 #FFF2E2 #FDE6E0 #F3FFE1 #DAFAF3 #EAEAEF 默认  
阅读内容

[初二] 动词(1)

[日期:2007-04-30]   [字体: ]

英语中的动词按照其词义和在句中的作用可分为四类:行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词。

(一)动词的种类

1.行为动词分为及物动词(vt.)和不及物动词(vi.)。及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语。例如:He wrote a letter to his father yesterday.Pass me the ruler,please.不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后面不跟宾语。例如:The boy studies hard.A car runs faster than a bike.

2.连系动词(link v.)本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。例如:It's getting cold.He looks very well today.

3.助动词(aux.v.)本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态,语态,人称和数等语法特征。例如:Do you like English?He doesn't do well in all his lessons.

4.情态动词(mod.v.)本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。例如:I can speak Japanese.Must I go home now?You needn't finish your homework.

(二)动词的时态

在英语中,由于谓语动词的动作发生的时间不同,或表达不同时间存在的状态,谓语动词都要发生相应的变化。这些动词的形式变化就叫动词的时态。英语动词有十六种时态,但大纲要求掌握的五种时态是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时,另外还有过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时三种时态只求理解。下面就将大纲要求掌握的五种时态的运用作以介绍。

1.一般现在时

(1)构成:通常用动词原形表示。如果主语为第三人称单数(he,she,it)时,需在动词原形后加-s或-es。动词be不同人称和数分别为am,is,are。动词have也有特殊的人称形式。实义动词(以work为例)、动词be、动词have的变化形式如下表:

动词be
动词have

实义动词
(以work为例)

I am...
I(You,We,They)have...
I(You,We,They)work.
We(You,They)are...
He(She,It)has...
He(She,It)works.
He(She,It)is...
 
 
 

(2)用法:

①一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作。常与always,usually,often,sometimes,every morning(day,week,month,year...),once a week,on Sunday等表示时间的状语连用。例如:

They usually watch TV in the evening.

He often plays football after school.

Miss Gao studies English on the radio every morning.

②一般现在时表示现在存在的状态,或者表示主语的身份、特征。这类动词多用系动词:be(am,is,are),1ook,smell,sound,feel,get,turn等。例如:

—Do you like this kind of paper?

—Yes,it feels very nice.

The boy looks handsome.

Days get longer in spring.

③一般现在时表示客观事实或普遍真理。例如:

Our teacher told us the earth goes around the sun.

There is a big tree near the house.

④在时间、条件和方式状语从句中,如果主句谓语动词是将来时,从句谓语动词则用一般现在时。例如:

We'll go out to climb the hill if it doesn't rain tomorrow.

I'll catch up with Lucy before she reaches the finishing line.

We won't visit the GREat Wall until the rain stops.

⑤表示所指的动作或状态可以发生在任何时候,包括现在、过去和将来。例如:

How much does it take to post this letter to Australia?

Do you like this kind of paper?

⑥在口语中,begin,come,go,leave,start,arrive,end,stop,open,close,be等动词可以用一般现在时表示按规定、计划要做的事情(此时一般都有一个表示未来时间的状语)。例如:

The sports meeting starts next Monday.

It is Thursday,the day after tomorrow.

⑦当have意为“吃饭”(have breakfast),“举行”(have a meeting)或者进行野餐(have a picnic)时,它被视为行为动词类,其疑问句和否定句的构成与实义动词相同,即用do,does来提问或否定。例如:How often do you have a class meeting?

We don't have a meeting today.

Does John have a word with you?

2.一般过去时

(1)构成:一般过去时通常用动词过去式表示。不规则动词的过去式有其特殊形式,要特别记忆。规则动词的过去式是在动词原形后加-d或-ed,一般过去时的行为动词不受人称和数的限制,提问时用did,否定用didn't.系动词be的过去式为was,were。

(2)用法

①一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态。常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有:yesterday,the day before yesterday,a moment ago,just now,in May,in 1999,last night(week,month,year),once,one day,before liberation,at the age of 18,when she was five等。例如:

I did my homework and watched TV last night.

They went home two hours ago.

Did he see the doctor the day before yesterday?

She didn't show me the way to the hospital the day before yesterday.

②表示过去习惯性、经常性的动作或行为。例如:

He often came to help my parents when I was away.

Jack always got up too late,and never had enough time to have breakfast last term.

③when,while,before,after,whenever等引导的表示过去时间的状语从句常用过去时。例如:

I didn't go to bed until my granny came back home.

I met an old friend of mine when I was walking in the street yesterday afternoon.

I lived in a hostel while I was a student.

④有些情况和事件,发生的时间不很清楚,但实际已经发生应当用过去时态。例如:

Mrs.GREen hasn't got any money with her.She left her bag in her room.

When did the accident happen?

—Who washed the plates on the table?

—Jenny did.

3.现在进行时

(1)构成:主语+be(am,is,are)+现在分词(动词+ing)。它的肯定、否定及疑问结构表示如下:

肯定句 I am working. We(You,They)are working. He(She)is working.
否定句 I am not working. We(You,They)are not working. He(She,It)is not working.
疑问句 Am I working? Are you(we,they)working? Is he(she,it)working?

(2)用法

①表示说话时(此时此刻)或现阶段正在进行的动作。常与现在进行时连用的时间状语有now,today,表示祈使语气的动词look或listen等。例如:

Look!Li Ping and Li Ying are playing volleyball now.

It's seven o'clock.Jim is having lunch now.

Never trouble me while I am sleeping in my room!

②现在进行时有时可用来表示一个最近按计划要进行的动作。这些动词往往是表示位置移动的词,如:come,go,leave,start,arrive.等。这种用法常有一个表示未来时间的状语。例如:

They are leaving for Shanghai on Friday.Shall we go to see them off at the train station?

Don't be worried,the doctor is arriving soon.

③现在进行时常与always,just等副词连用,表示反复出现或习惯性的动作,这种用法往往表示说话人的某种情感,如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌或不满等。例如:

—What can I do for you,sir?

—No,thanks.I am just looking around.

He is always asking me for money.(他老是要钱。)

4.一般将来时

(1)构成:shall/will +do(动词原形),shall用于第一人称(I, We);will用于第二、三人称。目前,在陈述句中,第一人称也用will,在口语中常缩写为I'll,You'll等。

(2)用法

①一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或情况。与将来时连用的时间状语有:tomorrow,tomorrow morning,this afternoon,next week(month,year,Sunday),in a few days(minutes,hours ...),by...。例如:

She says that she will go to Beijing next week.

I'm not sure if she will go to the zoo with us tomorrow.

He will come to your office tomorrow afternoon.Please wait for him.②在以I或We作主语的问句中,一般用Shall,它常用来征求对方的意见或者询问一个情况。例如:

Shall I open the window?It's so warm here.

Shall we have any classes tomorrow?

Shall we be able to find them there?

③在以when,if,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中,当主句用一般将来时时,时间状语从句的动作虽然也发生在将来,但英语中只能用一般现在时表示。例如:

I don't know when he will come.When he comes,I'll let you know.—Do you know if he will come to play basketball with us?

—I think he will come if he is free tomorrow.

以上各句中的宾语从句都用一般将来时,状语从句中都用一般现在时表示将来。

④表示将来发生的动作除了用shall或will+动词原形外,还有以下两种结构:

a.be going to+do(动词原形),表示按安排计划、打算,将要发生或者肯定要发生的事。例如:

—Have you gone to see the doctor?

—No,but I am going to.

They say there is going to be a new film tomorrow evening.(2000厦门)

b.某些动词用现在进行时,表示按计划、安排要发生的事。例如:

We are having an English evening tonight.今天晚上我们要举行一场英语晚会。

How are you going,by boat or by train?你打算划船去呢,还是坐火车去?

⑤一般将来时有时还可以用来表示一种倾向性或习惯性的动作。例如:

—What are you going to give our art teacher for Teachers'Day?

—I'm not sure.Maybe I will give him some flowers.

I want to know if they will hold the spring sports meeting next month.If they hold it,I must get ready for it.

5.现在完成时

(1)构成:由have(has)+done(动词的过去分词)构成。

(2)用法

①现在完成时是表示过去发生或已完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:already,just,yet,ever,never,once,twice,recently(近来),these days,since,for,in the past few days(weeks,months,years...)。例如:

My teapot is empty.Who has drunk all my tea?

Zhao Lan has already studied in this school for two years.

We have learned English for three years already.And we can speak a little English now.

My parents have lived in Beijing since 1995.

②现在完成时可以表示从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。例如:

How long has the film been on?

—How long have you had the radio?

—For about half a year.

Li Hua has worked in the factory since she left school ten years ago.

③have/has gone和have/has been用法的区别。

have/has gone是指某人去了某地,不在这里;而have/has been to表示去过某地已经返回,而have/has been in表示到达某地并在那里停留,在句中常用来代替have/has come/gone to,与for引导的表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:

—Where is Jim?

—He has gone to England.

He has been in college for a year.

(3)一般过去时和现在完成时的区别

①一般过去时和现在完成时所表示的都是过去发生的事情,但一般过去时仅仅指过去的动作或状态,与现在没有联系,常和表示过去的时间状语如yesterday,last week(morning,Sunday,month,year...),ten minutes(an hour,two days,half a year...)ago,in 1949(1983...)以及用when提问的疑问句。

现在完成时不说明动作在过去什么时间发生的,只强调动作与现在的关系,如对现在所产生的结果或影响,因此不能和表示过去的时间状语连用,而要和already,yet,just,ever,never一类副词、由 how long提问的疑问句或含for、since的介词短语以及由since引导的状语从句等连用。例如:

I haven't seen you for a long time.Where have you been?

Peter's mother died three years ago.She has been dead for three years.

—Tom has gone out.

—Oh,has he?What time did he go out?

②有些动词表示一个短暂的动作,因而它在现在完成时中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用(如由for引起的短语)。它们有:begin,buy,close,come,die,fail,find,finish,go,join,kill,leave,lend,lose,sell,start,stop,borrow等。这些动词要与for短语连用时,须找出与其意思相同的动词替换,如:“运动会开始三天了”,begin不能与for three days连用,那就需要用has been on来替换。例如:The sports meeting has been on for three days。又如,“我买这本书两年了”,就要用“I've had the book for two years”。类似的还有,die用be dead;come,go用be in;borrow用keep等表示,如果没有替换词,就不用for引起的短语,以免出错。例如:

How long have you had the bicycle?

He has been away from home for two years.

Judy has been to the GREat Wall twice,and now she still wants to go there.

The traveller has been here for a week.

   免责声明:本站信息仅供参考,版权和著作权归原作者所有! 如果您(作者)发现侵犯您的权益,请与我们联系:QQ-50662607,本站将立即删除!
 
阅读:

推荐 】 【 打印
相关新闻       初二  初二英语 
本文评论       全部评论
发表评论

点评: 字数
姓名:
内容查询

热门专题
 图片新闻